Ariyan Zare Ghadi

Industry consumes more than one-third of global energy [1] and is responsible for a quarter of global emissions. The greater industrial energy demand is heat, followed by electricity. Industrial heat consumption is estimated at around 85 EJ at the global level and is almost completely provided from fossil fuel. The total heat demand for low and medium temperature applications (< 400°C) accounts for 44 EJ, required by a large variety of industrial processes in any industrial sector.

Abstract Although the blast furnace process is the dominant ironmaking route to supply the feedstocks for steelmaking, a number of alternative ironmaking technologies such as the Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process have grown rapidly in recent decades. This development is largely in response to the increasingly stringent emission control policies, rising costs of energy and the increasing costs and environmental effects of coke usage.