Kyo Soung Koo

1 Introduction Accurate individual identification constitutes a fundamental component of wildlife population research (Halliday 1996; Silvy et al. 2012). Such individual identification serves as a critical foundation not only for ensuring data reliability, but also for facilitating long-term ecological monitoring and the development of effective conservation strategies (Pereira et al. 2022; Ellis-Soto et al. 2025).

INTRODUCTION Open-source databases are popular platforms for storing biodiversity data and have accumulated billions of data points over the past decade (https://www.gbif.org/). This rapid development is fueled by advances in internet technology and, most importantly, the rise of citizen science worldwide (Bisby, 2000; Poisson et al., 2020).

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