Robert Lawrence Afutu-Kotey

This study examines the challenges faced by Ghanaian migrants returning from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, focusing on mental health outcomes, social reintegration, and educational needs. Using a phenomenological ethnographic approach, 21 in-depth interviews were conducted in Ghana’s Birim Central Municipality to capture the lived realities of returnees aged 22–43.

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 2009. “ The Traditional Informal Apprenticeship System of West Africa as Preparation for Work.” In International Handbook of Education for the Changing World of Work: Bridging Academic and Vocational Learning, 261–275. Springer Netherlands. , and . 2016. “Testing the Human Capital Development Model: The Case of Apprenticeships in Turkey.” International Journal of Training and Development 20, no. 3: 214–223. , and . 2019.