“The short selling that day far exceeded the short selling that occurred during numerous other periods of crisis, including the recession following the financial crisis, the 2014 Israel-Gaza war, and the COVID-19 pandemic,” Professors Jackson and Mitts wrote. In one instance, investors short-sold the unusually high sum of 4.43 million new shares of Bank Leumi, an Israeli bank, on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange in the September 14-October 5 period, the pair wrote.