Introduction Subjective well-being (SWB) has long been an important topic in psychology and education. SWB is generally defined as an individual’s overall cognitive evaluation of life satisfaction, as well as the presence of positive and negative emotions in daily life and work (Diener, 1984). A large body of research has shown that SWB is closely related to physical and mental health, social adjustment, and overall quality of life (Livingston et al., 2022; Gautam et al., 2024).