1 Introduction Biological invasions represent a major threat to ecosystems worldwide, altering crucial ecosystem processes and accelerating the loss of biodiversity (Roy et al. 2023; Simberloff et al. 2013), in synergy with other components of global change. International initiatives such as the Convention on Biological Diversity have long recognised the large impacts of biological invasions on the environment and human livelihood (Diagne et al. 2021; Pyšek et al. 2020).