Econlib

America was born in war. The American Revolution and subsequent constitution of the newly-formed United States reflected some of the key ideas of liberalism—natural rights, government by consent, and limits on state power. The Revolution, however, was just the beginning of war as part of the American identity. Between 1798 and 2023, the United States engaged in 469 acknowledged military interventions—or 2.08 military interventions per year on average.

A May 29 article in the IMF’s F&D Magazine argues in favor of using U.S. tariffs as a policy tool. It begins by questioning the argument for free trade, claiming that economists have based U.S. and global trade policy on theoretical models rather than empirical evidence: “Tariffs were not tried and found wanting but rejected by au courant economic models and left untried.

The core of this argument is that the American Founding set the United States on a unique path that made it one of the richest and freest places in the world. Yet, this causal connection requires a leap of faith. Few have attempted to conjure a counterfactual in which America remained a British colony or became independent in ways similar to later British Dominions (e.g., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa).

In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith explains that we want to establish a “mutual sympathy of sentiments.” We want people to agree with our views, and we want to agree with their views. Smith first expanded on this idea—that we are constantly searching for ways to cooperate with one another—in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, before he developed his broader theory of a commercial society in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

In the 1830s, a French aristocrat named Alexis de Tocqueville traveled through the United States and returned home with Democracy in America, a penetrating analysis of a society marked by energetic voluntary associations and a restless spirit of enterprise. Tocqueville admired much of what he saw, but his verdict was not uncomplicated. Near the end of the book, he wrote, “I feel full of fears and full of hopes.” Two centuries later, another European visitor is offering a portrait of America.

A small industry within the history of economic thought continues to churn through the historical record in search of direct links between European ideas in political economy and the American Revolution and Founding. The attraction is understandable. Of particular interest is the alluring prospect of Adam Smith’s influence on the Founders. Put simply, if it was not so, it should have been.

We are approaching the 250th anniversary of the United States’ Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776. However, that same year carries a different meaning in Latin America. Rather than the beginning of a system based on limits to power and individual freedom in the United States, 1776 represented a major turning point in the opposite direction for Latin America.

Sam Enright works on innovation policy at Progress Ireland, an independent policy think tank in Dublin, and runs a publication called The Fitzwilliam. Most relevant to us, on his personal blog, he writes a popular link roundup; what follows is an abridged version of his and Links for May. Blogs and short links 1. Yudhister Kumar on the justifications for believing in Occam’s razor. As with most things Yudhi writes, I only understood about 10% of this.

We rely on experts for a lot of our information. By “expert,” I mean someone who is paid for their opinion. Roger Koppl uses this definition in his 2018 book Expert Failure, and I use the same definition in my research, which is based on his book. This definition is useful because it allows us to sidestep the endless (and, frankly, arbitrary) discussion about who counts as an expert. So, we rely on experts for their opinions in much of our lives.

Question: Consider the markets for fresh vegetables and instant noodles. Assume that fresh vegetables are a normal good, while instant noodles are an inferior good. Suppose Congress bans a commonly used fertilizer and pest-control chemical in vegetable farming. Without this input, vegetable yields fall due to increased spoilage and pest damage. (a) Using a supply and demand diagram, explain how this policy affects the equilibrium price and quantity of fresh vegetables.