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Introduction Bronchiectasis (BE) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease and the third leading chronic lung disease worldwide [1, 2]. BE is radiologically confirmed by abnormally dilated bronchi and clinically characterised by cough, sputum production and lung infection [2–5]. Clinical presentation of BE is heterogeneous, given its association with various aetiologies, including post-infection, COPD, asthma and genetic conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and primary ciliary dyskinesia [6, 7].

Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder that can be caused by a diverse range of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genetic variants, whose severity and nature significantly influence disease manifestation and progression [1]. Treatment of CF lung disease primarily aims to reduce symptoms and preserve pulmonary function.

Introduction Thymic neuroendocrine tumours (T-NETs) are exceptionally rare malignancies, with an annual incidence of approximately 0.01–0.02 per 100 000 and accounting for <5% of thymic neoplasms [1, 2].

Introduction Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with features of venous/capillary involvement, formerly referred to as pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and/or pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis (PCH), is a rare and severe subset of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Compared to other forms of PAH, it is characterised by a preferential remodelling of small pulmonary veins and capillaries, resulting in increased vascular resistance, elevated pulmonary pressures and right-heart failure [1, 2].

Introduction Nocturnal blood pressure (BP) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk, outperforming daytime measurements in prognostic value. Abnormal nocturnal BP patterns such as nondipping and nocturnal hypertension are associated with increased risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and all-cause mortality [1].

Introduction Clinical and scientific interest in small airways dates back to at least the 1960s. As described by Papi et al. [1], the small airways were historically referred to as the “silent zone” of the lung [2]. Current evidence suggests that small airways dysfunction (SAD) represents a pre-clinical feature of frequent respiratory obstructive diseases [3–5].

Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease and currently the third leading cause of mortality worldwide [1]. Symptoms include breathlessness, chest tightness and persistent cough. Major risk factors are exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollutants and job-related exposures.

Introduction Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the established first-line therapy for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) [1–3] and apnoea of prematurity (AOP) [4] in preterm infants, with efficacy established in landmark trials [5, 6]. CPAP maintains functional residual capacity (FRC), prevents atelectasis and reduces work of breathing by applying continuous distending pressure throughout the respiratory cycle [7–9].

Introduction The management of cystic fibrosis (CF) has been transformed by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators (CFTRm), in particular elexacaftor (ELX)/tezacaftor (TEZ)/ivacaftor (IVA), known as ETI [1]. Following the availability of ETI in the US and UK, where >90% of women with CF were eligible, pregnancy rates increased markedly among this population [2–4].

Review Right ventricular-protective ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome: phenotypes, monitoring and ventilatory management Article Figures & Tables Info & Metrics Introduction Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterised by noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema and severe hypoxaemia, often requiring mechanical ventilation as a fundamental supportive intervention [1].