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Introduction Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterised by defective motile cilia, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance (MCC), chronic respiratory disease, laterality defects and subfertility [1, 2]. The extensive genetic heterogeneity of PCD provides a challenge for developing preclinical models in which to develop novel therapies.

Introduction Air pollution is a major public health problem, contributing to approximately 7 million premature deaths each year [1]. Beyond its harmful effect on the cardiovascular and neurological systems [2], air pollution is also an established risk factor for the incidence and exacerbation of respiratory diseases such as asthma, lung cancer and acute respiratory infection [3].

Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major global health challenge. The World Health Organization estimated that COPD caused 3.5 million deaths in 2021, accounting for approximately 5% of all global deaths, with nearly 90% of premature COPD deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries [1].

Introduction and rationale M. pneumoniae is a cell-wall-deficient prokaryote and a leading aetiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents. While infections are typically self-limiting and manifest as mild respiratory illness, they can progress to severe pneumonia in some individuals. Recent increases in MRMP, particularly in East Asia, have raised important challenges for clinical management and treatment strategies.

Review Open access Respiratory support in paediatric patients with bronchiolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis Article Figures & Tables Info & Metrics Introduction Bronchiolitis is one of the most common respiratory tract infections and a common cause of hospital and paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission in infants [1].

Introduction Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) comprises a group of rare genetic disorders that impair the structure, assembly and function of motile cilia. The global prevalence of PCD is estimated to be at least one in 7500 individuals [1]. Pathogenic variants in over 50 different genes have been implicated in PCD, resulting in a spectrum of symptoms and disease severity [2].

Introduction Oxygen therapy is deeply embedded in clinical protocols, not only in intensive care settings, but also in emergency departments, surgical suites, ambulatory care, and at home. Oxygen is frequently administered as a first-line therapy for patients presenting with dyspnoea, hypoxaemia and respiratory distress. In these settings, supra-atmospheric concentrations of oxygen can improve partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and ultimately correct end-organ hypoxia.

Introduction Respiratory diseases are one of the leading causes of global hospitalisation and death [1, 2]. Chronic respiratory conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, affect hundreds of millions of patients globally [3]. COPD alone impacts near to 200 million individuals and causes over 3 million deaths yearly, making it the third leading cause of death [4].

Introduction Dyspnoea is a subjective, distressing experience characterised by breathing discomfort, i.e. sensations of chest tightness, air hunger or an inadequate inspiration [1]. Chronic dyspnoea is a common symptom that markedly impairs health status, increases disability and healthcare use, and is independently associated with a 43% higher risk of mortality [2–4]. Most of the available data on chronic dyspnoea were derived from studies conducted in specific populations [5–7].

Review Open access The upper airway in obstructive sleep apnoea: state of the art Article Figures & Tables Info & Metrics Introduction In the past decades, our understanding of the mechanisms leading to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been steadily improved, with most studies being focused on upper airway patency and respiratory control mechanisms during sleep.