Review of Optometry

The present study showcased the impact teprotumumab has on glycemic control. It can take several months for patients to return to their baseline HbA1c measurement after presenting with worsening glycemic control. For diabetic patients, it took a median of 13.1 months; for those with prediabetes, it took a median of 7.7 months; and for normoglycemic patients, it took a median of 6.4 months. Photo: Jacob Lang, OD. Click image to enlarge.

A new retrospective study from Canada looked at the case details included (or excluded) when a patient is referred to an ophthalmologist to see if specific patterns emerge by provider type, to test whether referral quality affected triage urgency and to consider how closely the provisional diagnosis at referral matched the final diagnosis. The researchers found, unsurprisingly, that incomplete referrals can make specialist triage more difficult, but not all referral details matter equally.

Systemic nicotinamide may serve as a prophylactic therapy to delay or prevent the onset of POAG, but many questions on clinical guidance still remain.Photo: Bisant Labib, OD. Click image to enlarge. While traditional management of patients with ocular hypertension relies strictly on lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) to delay primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) onset, a considerable proportion of patients still convert to glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

An increased risk of keratoconus development was found in patients with many inflammatory dermatologic conditions, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis and contact dermatitis, underscoring the potential shared inflammatory mechanisms in keratoconus pathogenesis and highlight the importance of vigilant ocular monitoring in high-risk populations.Photo: Irving Martínez Navé, OD. Click image to enlarge.

For patients with corneal opacity, surgical intervention—especially endothelial keratoplasty—was found to result in meaningful BCVA improvements, though poorer baseline visual acuity was associated with worse vision outcomes at 12 months post-op. (Pictured: Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophy).Photo: Christina Cherny, OD, and Suzanne Sherman, OD. Click image to enlarge.

Lymphotoxin-α is a protein produced and secreted by activated immune cells. It is found in several areas of the human body, including tears, and can be used as a biomarker for ocular surface health. Clinical applications of this research have not been developed yet, however.Photo: Luis Rojas, OD. Click image to enlarge.

Topical insulin can be reasonably considered as an accessible option for refractory PEDs, particularly in clinical settings where other biological or regenerative therapies are unavailable, unaffordable or contraindicated.Photo: Singh SD, et al. Front Psych. 15:1373797. Click image to enlarge. The eye, and especially the aging eye, often furnishes clinicians with key information about neurological health and the brain. The reverse is also true.

Topical insulin can be reasonably considered as an accessible option for refractory PEDs, particularly in clinical settings where other biological or regenerative therapies are unavailable, unaffordable or contraindicated.Photo: Singh SD, et al. Front Psych. 15:1373797. Click image to enlarge. The eye, and especially the aging eye, often furnishes clinicians with key information about neurological health and the brain. The reverse is also true.

Topical insulin can be reasonably considered as an accessible option for refractory PEDs, particularly in clinical settings where other biological or regenerative therapies are unavailable, unaffordable or contraindicated.Photo: Alan Kwok, OD/BostonSight. Click image to enlarge. Corneal persistent epithelial defects (PEDs) are generally defined as defects that fail to show significant healing within two weeks despite standard supportive treatment.

Type 2 macular telangiectasia is a rare disease that causes leaking of the blood vessels around the fovea, leading to a loss of central vision. It is most common in middle-aged and elderly people. This macular OCT shows RPE disruption and an abnormal foveal contour with ILM drape, a pathognomonic finding in MacTel type 2.Photo: Sydney Gross, OD. Click image to enlarge.