To view the full text, please login as a subscribed user or purchase a subscription. Click here to view the full text on ScienceDirect. Our objective was to use live dosimeters to quantify actual radiation exposure to primary operators during endovascular procedures and evaluate the success of our current practice in radiation protection. The limits on effective dose are set out by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the Ionising Radiations Regulations (1999).