1 INTRODUCTION The 21st century is facing the problem of the rise of biological invasion following the increase of globalization (Barney et al., 2013), to such an extent that the term Exocene has been used to characterize this historical era (Bolpagni, 2021). An increasing number of invasive alien plant species (IAPS) have become dominant in newly colonized areas (Haubrock et al., 2021), causing widespread negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (Pérez et al., 2022).
