William D Zelenty,1,* Tim Y Li,2,* Ichiro Okano,1,3,* Alexander P Hughes,1 Andrew A Sama,1 Ellen M Soffin4,* 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA; 2Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA; 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Service, Showa University Hospital, Hatanodai, Tokyo, Japan; 4Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York,...