?Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. ABSTRACT There is ample research connecting punishment to future behavior. Literature on specific deterrence often examines the impacts of justice system involvement (e.g. arrests and incarcerations) or perceptions of punishment on future behavior.
