Introduction Cardiorespiratory coupling, where breathing results in variation in the instantaneous heart rate (ifH), has been reported in seals and cetaceans (Irving, 1939; Ridgway, 1972; Kooyman, 1985; Kaczmarek et al., 2018; Fahlman et al., 2020b; Blawas et al., 2021b). In the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), the intermittent breathing pattern begins with a rapid exhalation followed by inhalation with a breath duration of approximately 1 s (Fahlman et al., 2017).
