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Introduction The central goal of preclinical research is to determine whether a given treatment has a causal effect on a specific physiological outcome in animals and to quantify its impact. Ideally, researchers would like to observe the outcome in the same animal at the same moment under identical laboratory and environmental conditions, only altering the individual animal’s treatment status.
Abstract Animal attrition in preclinical experiments can introduce bias in the estimation of causal treatment effects, as surviving animals may not be representative of the entire study population. This can compromise the internal validity of the study, despite randomization at the outset. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are commonly used tools to transparently visualize assumptions about the causal structure underlying observed data.
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