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Articles by Anna Kovner
Size Matters: How Are Small Businesses Doing?
Surveys of banks reinforce these findings: Most report having tightened lending standards considerably since the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank in 2023. The Federal Reserve's Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices confirms that bank lending standards for small firms tightened on net since 2023, trending toward flat conditions only recently.
Is AI Taking Over?
Second, what can we forecast from economic theory? Theories estimating the impact of AI on U.S. productivity growth tend to look at different occupations and the extent to which their tasks can be replaced with or automated by AI. Then these occupations are weighted by output or wages and added up. This gives rise to estimates of productivity growth ranging from 0.5 percent to 1.5 percent.
Resisting the Siren Song of Easy Money
The full First/Second Quarter 2026 issue of Econ Focus is coming soon. Stay tuned for more! Meanwhile, you can read the latest full issue here. Back to Table of Contents Econ Focus First/Second Quarter 2026 In Homer's "The Odyssey," Odysseus has his crew tie him to the ship's mast to resist the deadly temptation of the sirens' song.
Why Do Firms Pay Different Interest Rates on Their Bank Loans?
By
Mary Amiti,
Anil K. Kashyap,
Anna Kovner and
David E. Weinstein Working Papers February 2026, No. 26-03 We document significant variation in interest rates among similar commercial and industrial loans using confidential supervisory data on the largest US banks. This dispersion does not appear to be due to risk.
Why Do Firms Pay Different Interest Rates on Their Bank Loans?
We thank Sean Fulmer, Augustin Belin, Leeya Howley, Lillian Zhu, and Hriday Karnani for excellent research assistance, and seminar participants at the Federal Reserve Banks of New York and Richmond, the Harvard Business School, Chicago Booth, the London School of Economics, Stanford GSB, UCLA, and Wharton for helpful comments.
Researching Rural Economies
Key barriers to employment in rural places include a lack of training and access to transportation. Educational attainment tends to be lower in rural places. Rural residents may have fewer opportunities to learn about and prepare for higher education. Fewer local opportunities for work can also diminish the incentives to invest in human capital. Getting to a job can also be costlier for rural residents.
IgA nephropathy is associated with Opisthorchis felineus liver fluke infection: Retrospective 5‐year analysis of human kidney samples
Objectives Infection with the fish-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus, which is transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, results in serious liver damage in humans. Currently, limited clinical and experimental data reveal kidney damage co-occurring with chronic opisthorchiasis. We conducted a retrospective analysis of kidney autopsy samples over a five-year period (n = 84).
Ad6-Based GM-CSF Expressing Vector Displays Oncolytic and Immunostimulatory Effects in an Immunocompetent Syrian Hamster Model of Cholangiocarcinoma
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
To Whom It May Concern: Demographic Differences in Letters of Recommendation
Letters of recommendation from faculty advisors play a critical role in the job market for Ph.D. economists. At their best, they can convey important qualitative information about a candidate, including the candidate's potential to generate impactful research. But at their worst, these letters offer a subjective view of the candidate that can be susceptible to conscious or unconscious bias.
Liver Fluke-Derived Molecules Accelerate Skin Repair Processes in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
Banks and the Commercial Real Estate Challenge
To be sure, not everything is going badly for this sector. The U.S. economy has been strong and resilient. This means a strong reservoir of demand for all types of commercial activities, ranging from hotels to rental housing. Properties evolve as demand evolves, with renovations leading to new lives for office and commercial spaces. The question for monetary policymakers and bank supervisors is this: Will CRE losses ricochet through the U.S. economy?
Demographic Differences in Letters of Recommendation for Economics Ph.D. Students
October 2024, No. 24-11 Demographic Differences in Letters of Recommendation for Economics Ph.D. Students Download paper We analyze 6,400 letters of recommendation for more than 2,200 economics and finance Ph.D. graduates from 2018 to 2021. Letter text varies significantly by field of interest, with significantly less positive and shorter letters for Macroeconomics and Finance candidates.
Tracing Bank Runs in Real Time
September 2024, No. 24-10 Tracing Bank Runs in Real Time Download paper We use high-frequency interbank payments data to trace deposit flows in March 2023 and identify twenty-two banks that suffered a run, significantly more than the two that failed but fewer than the number that experienced large negative stock returns. The runs were driven by large (institutional) depositors, rather than many small (retail) depositors.
Bank Capital and Real GDP Growth
September 2024, No. 24-08 Bank Capital and Real GDP Growth Download paper We find evidence that bank capital matters for the distribution of future GDP growth but not its central tendency. Growth in the aggregate bank capital ratio compresses the tails of expected GDP growth, a relationship that is particularly robust in reducing the probability of the worst GDP outcomes.
Corporate Bond Market Distress
September 2024, No. 24-09 Corporate Bond Market Distress Download paper We link bond market functioning to future economic activity through a new measure, the Corporate Bond Market Distress Index (CMDI). The CMDI coalesces metrics from primary and secondary markets in real time, offering a unified measure to capture access to debt capital markets.
Plastoquinone-Derivative SkQ1 Improved the Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasia during Liver Fluke Infection
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
Pathogens | Free Full-Text | Curcumin and Its Supramolecular Complex with Disodium Glycyrrhizinate as Potential Drugs for the Liver Fluke Infection Caused by Opisthorchis felineus
3.1. In Vitro Data Data on the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), which causes the inhibition of motility in 50% of newly excysted metacercariae (NEMs) and of adult O. felineus liver flukes after incubation with test substances, are presented in Table 1. In all cases, the sensitivity to these substances was higher among adult O.
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