1 Introduction Global electricity demand is rising, with a forecasted growth rate of nearly 4% annually; yet the global electricity supply remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels, which accounted for approximately 59% of generation in 2024 (IEA, 2025). This reliance on fossil fuels is the primary driver of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and an urgent transition to renewable energy sources is required to meet international climate targets (Filonchyk et al., 2024).
