1 Introduction Conspiracy beliefs (CB) circulate widely and have profound social consequences (Pilch et al. 2023). CB refer to the view that important events or circumstances result from secret coordination among powerful actors pursuing harmful, forbidden or self-serving goals (Uscinski and Enders 2023). While some definitions also emphasize that such claims are often epistemically risky (e.g., Douglas and Sutton 2023), this feature is not included uniformly across the literature (see Coady 2018).
