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Articles by Bal Kama
Pacific security agreements: lessons from the Iran–U.S–Israel conflict
By Bal Kama The escalating conflict involving Iran, the United States (U.S) and Israel might seem distant from the Pacific, yet its strategic implications reach deep into the region. When Iran retaliated, it didn’t just strike Israel or U.S warships. It struck ten other countries in the region such as Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar and Jordan. Not because those countries fired a shot. Not because they declared war.
Pacific security agreements: lessons from the Iran–US–Israel conflict
In The escalating conflict involving Iran, the United States (US) and Israel might seem distant from the Pacific, yet its strategic implications reach deep into the region. When Iran retaliated, it didn’t just strike Israel or US warships. It struck ten other countries in the region such as Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar and Jordan. Not because those countries fired a shot. Not because they declared war.
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Vindicating Pacific climate leadership: what does the ICJ decision mean?
On 26 July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) handed down its long-awaited Advisory Opinion on the legal obligations of states in relation to climate change. The judgment reaffirmed that states have a legal duty not just to reduce carbon emissions, but to protect the environment and respect the human rights of those affected by environmental harm and climate change, including future generations.
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International shipping: a missed opportunity to reduce emissions
Despite concerted efforts from Pacific Island countries, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) negotiations that concluded on 7 July fell far short of the ambition needed to rapidly decarbonise the international shipping industry. The talks ended with an agreement to reach net zero emissions “close to 2050” with indicative checkpoint targets of “at least 20 per cent, striving for 30 per cent, by 2030” and “at least 70 per cent, striving for 80 per cent, by 2040”.
Pacific voices can advance global knowledge
This blog provides a brief reflection on the recent International Society of Public Law (also known as ICON•S) annual conference in New Zealand and, in particular, the number of Pacific participants. The society is “the world’s largest and leading learned society for all areas of public law” and this was its first conference in the Pacific region.
Pacific voices can advance global knowledge: reflecting on the 2023 ICON·S conference
This blog provides a brief reflection on the recent International Society of Public Law (also known as ICON•S) annual conference in New Zealand and, in particular, the number of Pacific participants. The society is “the world’s largest and leading learned society for all areas of public law” and this was its first conference in the Pacific region.
Interference allegations unravel Australia–Bougainville relations | East Asia Forum
Author: Bal Kama, ANU The relationship between Australia and the Autonomous Region of Bougainville is in repair mode following the visit of Australia’s Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Richard Marles to Papua New Guinea (PNG) in October 2022 for negotiations over an Australia–PNG defence treaty. The rift originated from a press conference with PNG Prime Minister James Marape and Richard Marles.
For all Marape’s achievements in PNG, the biggest challenges await
The resilience and stability of Papua New Guinea is under growing strain as the country navigates what has already been an unprecedented year. Beyond the increase in Covid-19 cases and the effect the virus is having on lives and livelihoods, the government has overcome a court challenge to the election of Prime Minister James Marape and has undertaken some significant law reforms on the mining and anti-corruption fronts.
PNG in 2017 | An Analysis Of Papua New Guinea's Political Condition And Trends Through To 2025
[63] Polye v O'Neill [2016] PGSC 65; SC1547 (1 November 2016); Namah v Pato [2014] PGSC 1; SC1304 (29 January 2014); In re Application by Ila Geno [2014] PGSC 2; SC1313 (28 February 2014).
PNG: Booting Exxon gives Marape a boost – for now
The recent announcement of the Papua New Guinea (PNG) Government to cease all negotiations with one of the United States’ largest oil and gas companies, Exxon Mobil, over the P’nyang LNG project, a new gas field in PNG, has broader implications for the US and Papua New Guinea. At first glance, the decision against Exxon for allegedly acting in bad faith is part of a wider crackdown by the government of Prime Minister James Marape to ensure greater fairness in the resource sector.
Bougainville’s Independence Referendum and Constitutional Implications for Papua New Guinea
By Bal Kama, 11 November The Autonomous Region of Bougainville will hold an independence referendum on 23 November 2019. The options are either ‘greater autonomy’ or ‘independence’. However, the outcome of the referendum is non-binding under the PNG Constitution. Although there is a chance that the PNG Parliament could reject a vote for independence, it is unlikely to trigger another civil war.
PNG politics: the dawn of a new era?
The almost seven years stability enjoyed by Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) government of Prime Minister Peter O’Neill is now under challenge as the country prepares for a gripping vote of no confidence in late May. Some have already shared key insights on the developments, including some historical background and technical aspects of the vote of no confidence process (see here, here and here).
The ‘year of APEC’ – reflections on PNG in 2018 - Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre
The people of Papua New Guinea woke up to 2018 as the ‘year of APEC’. The thought of having some of the world’s most powerful leaders descending on the rough yet fertile soils of PNG appeared unreal to many, but blissful to some. The assurances of what it would mean for the country were a notch higher with the government promising social and economic transformation.
Canberra’s turmoil: implications for the Pacific
Last week’s political events in Canberra sent a cold reminder to those in the Pacific that even established democracies struggle with good governance, political stability and leadership contestations. Pacific countries often usurp their prime ministers or government mid-term using constitutionally entrenched vote of no-confidence schemes. Rarely do they have challenges from within a political party as witnessed in Australia last week.
Seven snapshots of a nation
These papers presenting a country snapshot of Papua New Guinea in 2017 were produced with the support of ExxonMobil. More
Indigenous Self-Determination and International Law - Australian Institute of International Affairs
This year’s National Reconciliation Week marks the 25th anniversary of the Mabo decision, which provided legal recognition that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have a special relationship to the land. However, despite support in the UN for self-determination, until quite recently, international law has had little influence on self-determination for Indigenous peoples in Australia.
For Cuba's Díaz-Canel, the Party Has Just Begun - AIIA
Cuba has a new head of state in President Miguel Díaz-Canel. However, the residual power of the revolutionary generation means the rejuvenation of the island’s political elite is only getting started. On 19 April, Raúl Castro stepped down as president of Cuba. It is the first time since 1976 that the island’s head of state has not carried the Castro surname.
Factoring the Pacific into Australia’s approach to China
The Chinese-in-the-Pacific dilemma has once again hit the headlines in Australia, this time with a proposed naval base in Vanuatu. It was promptly rejected by the Vanuatu government, but the likelihood of having Chinese military hardware on a long-term basis in the Pacific has raised significant discussion on the strategic implications for Australia and its allies. Australia has long maintained a well-established and enduring relationship with the people of the Pacific.
Bougainville: Reopening Mine Risks Reopening Old Wounds - AIIA
The 2019 Bougainville referendum could see the controversial Panguna mine reopened, offering both attractive opportunities and horrific consequences.
Singapore's Almost-Election - AIIA
The ascendance of Halimah Yacob last year to the Singaporean presidency is the latest in a long line of efficient and rather drab transfers of power. In a democracy however, efficiency often sits uneasily beside true representation. Singaporeans were supposed to go to the polls on 23 September 2017 to elect the country’s eighth president but the contest never happened, as the only name on the ballot was Halimah Yacob, endorsed by the ruling People’s Action Party (PAP).
New Year, Old Problem: Australia's Refugee Question - AIIA
As 2017 draws to a close, Australia’s “intractable” refugee question remains unanswered. With Australia’s international image—not to mention the refugees themselves—at stake, how much longer can Canberra stall? The year 2017 has been an eventful year in Australia’s ongoing offshore detention of asylum seekers and refugees in the South Pacific.
Reading Room: The Despot’s Guide to Wealth Management - AIIA
The tongue in cheek title of this book by a highly regarded anti-corruption expert belies its excellence. It is a major and important exercise in scrupulously-researched, brilliantly-documented and eloquently-expressed scholarship. It’s probably safe to say that governments all over the world are, in varying degrees, corrupt. Political mates are given preference when it comes to awarding lucrative taxpayer-funded contracts.
Russia is not really withdrawing from Syria
Russian President Vladimir Putin was reported this week to have ordered Russian military chiefs to redeploy ‘most’ of Russia’s Syria contingent back home. Exactly what constitutes ‘most', though, is anyone’s guess. There are reports that Russia would redeploy 23 warplanes, two helicopter gunships and some special forces, military police and combat engineers.
Aid and development links: Working women, populism, peacekeeping and more
Australia can do better than this. Now is not the time to be retreating into wilful sentimentality.
Political Islam, intolerance, and the IS threat in Indonesia
According to the pollster Alvara, one in five Indonesian students favour the establishment of an Islamic Caliphate; one in three don't approve of non-Muslims leading Muslims. Research undertaken by the Setara Institute indicates that Jakarta is now the least religiously tolerant city in the country.
Review: Hugh White's 'Without America'
With the luck of timing, Hugh White's new Quarterly Essay, Without America: Australia in the New Asia, was released last month at almost exactly the same time as the launch of the Foreign Policy White Paper. It was a striking moment: just when the foreign-policy orthodoxy seemed to be catching up with him, White was upending it again.
Australia wants to reform Hun Sen - 'It’s not going to work,' says opposition leader
This morning I spoke with Mu Sochua, the deputy leader of the opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP). On 2 September, the leader of her party Kem Sokha was arrested at his home in the middle of the night and later charged with treason. Mu Sochua fled Cambodia in early October after learning she would be next.
China: Contradictions in climate leadership
This article is part of a series for the Australia-UK Asia Dialogue, co-hosted by the Lowy Institute and Ditchley Foundation, and supported by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Xi Jinping had a good year in 2017.
US Supreme court has a duty to stop Trump's travel ban
The US Supreme Court on Monday stayed two district court orders, effectively giving the go-ahead to the third version of Donald Trump's travel ban. This is until the federal courts, including possibly the Supreme Court, decide the cases. As a presidential candidate, Trump had promised to stop Muslims from travelling to the US and in January sought to impose the travel ban.
Leading the prevention of global health threats
Australia's tyranny of distance is no protection from global health threats. In recent months, the government has taken a number of positive steps to reaffirm the importance of international norms and cooperation to protect against threats to global health security. This includes participating in an international external evaluation of Australia's capacity to prevent, detect and respond to potential outbreaks, and appointing a new ambassador for regional health security.
Does the nuclear weapon ban treaty warrant the Nobel Prize?
This year’s Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) for: ICAN was a major influence behind the negotiation of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which was opened for signature at the UN in New York on 20 September. The Nobel award ceremony will take place this Sunday in Oslo.
What a realistic solution to Myanmar’s Rakhine State crisis might look like
Myanmar and Bangladesh recently announced an agreement for the repatriation of Rohingya refugees living in Bangladesh to return to Myanmar. After Pope Francis visited both countries last week, international attention has again focused on chances of a breakthrough to this crisis – envisioning how a peaceful, negotiated solution might look is an urgent task. While the details of the deal remain hazy, a few basic facts have emerged.
Jerusalem: Trump’s roll of the dice
Donald Trump’s decision to recognise Jerusalem as Israel’s capital is many things, but it is best to begin with two things that it is not. First, it does not preclude Jerusalem also becoming the capital of a future Palestinian state as well as the state of Israel. Many Israelis and Jews around the world will be rejoicing at the decision, seeing it as recognition of Israel’s right to designate its own capital, a right that all other sovereign nations enjoy.
The ill-advised rush for Australia to strike a trade deal with Indonesia
Negotiations for the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA) entered extra time this week, as negotiators agreed to add an 11th round (the 7th since leaders reactivated the initiative in March 2016) after negotiations in November failed to produce a final deal. There are reportedly still differences on goods, services, and investment.
Japan: Shinzo Abe wrestles with constitutional change
Wednesday 29 November in Tokyo, and the morning's breaking news was not Kim Jong-Un firing another missile but that sumo grand champion Haruma Fuji had announced his retirement following a week of scandal surrounding an alleged attack on a junior wrestler. As the two stories played out in the media during the day, the priority on the sumo scandal was symbolic of the attention paid to North Korea’s missiles. It seems the further away you are from Pyongyang, the more attention Kim garners.
PNG in 2017 | An Analysis Of Papua New Guinea's Political Condition And Trends Through To 2025
This analysis attempts to address how key trends in PNG's politics will impact upon both the bureaucracy and regulatory environment. It will identify some of the key actors and how they are likely to change. It will discuss current political trends, their impact on the regulatory and legislative environments and how likely they are to continue in the future.
Democracy Under Review in PNG Elections
General elections began in Papua New Guinea on the weekend and voters will cast their judgement on Peter O’Neill’s government over the coming fortnight. Whatever the result, it is likely to mean changes for Australia’s relationship with its nearest neighbour. Papua New Guinea is in the midst of its eighth general election.
The democratic project under review in PNG elections
In a few days' time, Papua New Guinea will begin a national election with the theme 'Your Choice, Protect the Democracy - Election 2017'. Less than 42 years since independence, PNG's democratic project, while debatably healthy, is in need of review. The current Papua New Guinea government came to power in August 2012 promising 'stability and prosperity' after a tumultuous 2011 when the country appeared to have two prime ministers for nearly seven months.
It’s time to get serious about CO2, for the ocean’s sake and for ours
Message on World Environment Day As we commemorate World Environment Day, connecting with nature, we focus our periscope on our Ocean. We must remember that our actions affect the ocean, even if we don’t live by the beach or eat fish. Reducing our carbon dioxide emissions will support ocean health – and the alternative is grim. The carbon conversation is nothing new.
No confidence vote: Showdown in PNG politics
In less than 24 hours, Papua New Guineans will know the fate of Prime Minister Peter O’Neill when the national parliament sits for a vote of no-confidence. There are three possible scenarios: O'Neill may survive the vote; he may opt to relinquish the nation’s highest office to a colleague; or, worse, he will be deposed unexpectedly in the manner of some of his predecessors. It is difficult to predict what outcome will prevail in a country known fittingly as the ‘the land of the unexpected'.
Students against PNG's Prime Minister: A bloody struggle
The fight against Papua New Guinea’s Prime Minister Peter O’Neill reached a new level with last week’s shooting of unarmed university students. The worldwide media attention this generated has prompted some to comment that PNG is once again making headlines for 'all the wrong reasons'. Others have reflected on the implications for those likely to be PNG's future leaders. Last month, I described the students as ‘resolute in their cause for justice'.
Standoff in PNG: Students take on PM Peter O'Neill
Students at the University of Papua New Guinea are the latest in a long list of those in the firing line for denouncing the leadership of PNG’s seemingly impregnable Prime Minister Peter O’Neill. The students have been on strike against the government since the end of last month. Students from the University of Technology and Divine Word University are also boycotting classes.
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