AD atopic dermatitis AR allergic rhinitis CRS chronic rhinosinusitis TJ tight junction ZO zonula occludens 1 INTRODUCTION Damage to the skin and mucosal epithelial barriers can lead to the development of diseases mediated by local inflammation in the tissues and microbial dysbiosis.1 Since the 1960s, humanity has been marked by an unprecedented rise in the prevalence of allergic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases, currently affecting over 2 billion individuals worldwide.1-3 Since the...