1 INTRODUCTION The incidence of renal stone disease is increasing globally leading to a rise in number of overall stone interventions.1 This translates to rising economic burden, estimated at $5.3 billion dollars annually in the United States and projected to rise by $1.3 billion dollars annually up until 2030.2, 3 This increasing prevalence necessitates safe, efficacious and affordable treatment.3 Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has long been the mainstay for treatment of small-...
