Abstract Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterised by reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. Despite the availability of diagnostic tools and pharmacotherapy, osteoporosis remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Bone remodelling is regulated by the coordinated activity of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes, with hormonal and nutritional factors contributing to bone homeostasis.
