Introduction Chronic liver inflammation provides a major biological context for hepatocarcinogenesis, and macrophages are central cellular mediators linking liver injury, innate immune sensing, fibroinflammatory remodeling, immune suppression and therapeutic resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).1–3 Across viral hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH),...
