1 Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously threatened human health and economic and social development (Seshaiyer and McNeely, 2020; Qiu et al., 2023); however, the pandemic has spurred the formation of multiple multinational research teams around the world, accelerating the development of the global biopharmaceutical industry (especially vaccines) (Jialu et al., 2021) to jointly address public health crises by collaborating on the development of vaccines and treatments, also...