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1 Introduction Cadmium is among the most hazardous heavy metals in aquatic environments due to its high mobility, environmental persistence, and strong bioaccumulation potential [1]. Industrial activities such as battery manufacturing, electroplating, pigment production, and metal smelting are major sources of Cd(II) contamination in water systems [2].
Abstract This study demonstrates the feasibility of Algerian native pine tree bark (NPTB) as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from wastewater. Characterization revealed a porous structure with a high surface area and abundant functional groups, ideal for adsorption. Batch experiments optimized conditions for maximum MB removal (99.47%) at pH 8, 55 °C, and 0.4 g NPTB dosage.
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