1 INTRODUCTION According to the Global Cancer Statistics 2020, lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and remains the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 2.2 million new cancer cases and 1.8 million deaths.1 Lung cancer poses a substantial threat to human health, primarily due to its association with metastasis and recurrence. The early stages of lung cancer often present with subtle clinical symptoms, leading to misdiagnosis as benign conditions.
