Abstract Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is typically delivered electrically, while alternative stimulation modalities and their potential for personalization remain underexplored. We present TEMPO-taVNS (Thermal, Electrical, and Mechanical Parameter Optimization for taVNS), a human-centered methodology for multimodal auricular neuromodulation designed to explore and optimize stimulation of sensory pathways associated with the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN).
