Abstract RAF activation is essential for MAPK signaling and is mediated by RAS binding and the dephosphorylation of a conserved phosphoserine by the SHOC2–RAS–PP1C complex. MRAS forms a high-affinity SHOC2–MRAS–PP1C (SMP) complex, while canonical RAS isoforms (KRAS, HRAS, NRAS) form analogous but lower-affinity assemblies. Yet, cancers driven by oncogenic KRAS, HRAS, or NRAS remain strongly SHOC2-dependent, suggesting that these weaker complexes contribute to tumorigenesis.