We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of patients with ESRD who initiated haemodialysis between January 2015 and October 2023 at Changi General Hospital, Singapore. This study was conducted with ethics approval from the SingHealth Institutional Review Board (2021/2340) at Changi General Hospital, Singapore. The study was performed in accordance with the SingHealth Institutional Review Board guidelines and the need for informed consent was waived.