1 Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to glucose concentrations above normal but below that diagnostic of overt diabetes and first detected in pregnancy (World Health Organization 2016). According to estimates from the International Diabetes Federation, GDM affects approximately one in seven pregnant women (Wang et al. 2022), making it the most common metabolic disorder in pregnancy. In addition to short-term complications such as gestational hypertension (Joffe et al.
