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Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References , and . 2018. “Villains, Victims, and Heroes in Character Theory and Affect Control Theory.” Social Psychology Quarterly 81, no. 3: 228–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272518781050. , , , , , and . 2025.
The gating mechanism in the GRU unit consists of two dynamic gates (Fig 4): the reset gate and the update gate . The computation of these gates involves the input data , the hidden state of the previous time step , and the corresponding weight matrices and bias terms. Specifically, the matrix expression of the gating mechanism is as follows (4)~(5) [19,20]: (4)(5) where , , , are weight matrices, , are bias terms, and represents the sigmoid activation function.
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