1 Introduction Strong intrasexual competition, particularly among males, often drives the evolution of exaggerated structures known as weapons, which are used in contests for mating opportunities (Emlen 2008; Rico-Guevara and Hurme 2019). The effectiveness of these weapons in inflicting damage or signaling strength typically determines the winner of the contest (Judge and Bonanno 2008; Yoshino et al. 2011; Yasuda and Koga 2016; Emberts et al. 2021; reviewed in Palaoro and Peixoto 2022).
