Peripheral nerves projecting to visceral organs are a major therapeutic target for closed-loop devices (Cracchiolo , 2021). These nerves are a major brain–body interface, transmitting both sensory (afferent) signals that monitor the physiological and pathophysiological state of the body, and the motor (efferent) signals that directly control visceral organ function during state-dependent feedback (homeostasis) or feedforward (allostasis) brain regulation (Schulkin and Sterling, 2019).
