Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and deadly disease worldwide. According to the 2024 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) guidelines, COPD ranks among the top three causes of death globally, claiming over 3 million lives in 2012, which represents 6% of total global deaths.1 In China, COPD ranks third as a cause of death,2 and its prevalence is expected to increase due to factors such as aging populations, smoking, and air pollution.