a, Maturation progression of granule neurons in the mouse hippocampus dataset is approximated by pseudotime (estimated with a principal curve). b, For a pair of example genes (rows), the plots show unspliced and spliced gene expression profiles along the pseudotime (left panels), empirically estimated smoothed pseudotime derivative of the observed gene expression and the estimated RNA velocity (middle panels), as well as the relationship between spliced and unspliced expression (right panel).