1 Introduction Lead ions (Pb2+) represent a serious public health threat due to their cumulative toxicity [1]. While absorption in the human body occurs gradually, elimination is considerably slower, which favors bioaccumulation. This can result in several adverse health effects, such as anemia and damage to the renal, neurological, and hematopoietic systems, as well as an elevated cancer risk [2]. The main routes of human exposure to Pb2+ are through the ingestion of contaminated food and water.
