1 Introduction Livestock systems face increasing pressure to improve production efficiency while meeting social and environmental demands, particularly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Cusack et al. 2021; Hyland et al. 2016; Min et al. 2022). In beef cattle, this challenge is critical, as ruminants are responsible for about 6% of global anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions, a gas with a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2) (Pinto et al. 2022).
