1. Introduction In recent years, the pervasive influence of “big data”, propelled by the advancement of information technology, has permeated diverse fields, including but not limited to data mining [1,2,3], computer biology [4], environmental science [5], e-commerce [6], and social network analysis [7]. Within these domains, the analysis and extraction of concealed information from extensive datasets have become standard practices, often approached from innovative perspectives [8,9,10].
