1. Introduction As environmental concerns escalate and energy resources dwindle, countries around the world are proactively pushing for energy reform to lessen their reliance on traditional energy sources like fossil fuels [1,2]. An IIES enhances this effort by blending diverse renewable and conventional energy sources [3,4,5,6]. These systems employ advanced technologies for energy conversion, storage, and smart management to create an efficient, reliable, and sustainable supply chain.
