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What is already known? The association between overall higher intake of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) and risk of obesity has been established by population studies. Initial causal evidence demonstrated that UPF intake affects energy balance and short-term weight gain in an ad libitum environment. What does this study add?
The assignment of foods to one of four categories proposed by the Nova framework may be challenging in the absence of information on how these foods were prepared and their specific composition. A three-step iterative approach can make the categorization process more efficient and transparent, thereby increasing the accuracy of Nova estimates.
Abstract Background Ultra-processed foods provide 58% of total energy in the U.S. diet, yet their association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains understudied. Objectives The authors investigated the associations between ultra-processed foods and CVD incidence and mortality in the prospective Framingham Offspring Cohort. Methods The analytical sample included 3,003 adults free from CVD with valid dietary data at baseline.
, , , . ( ) Food classification systems based on food processing: significance and implications for policies and actions: a systematic literature review and assessment . , – . , , , . ( ) Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system . , , – . , , , . ( ) Consumption of ultra-processed foods and likely impact on human health. Evidence from Canada . , – . , , , .
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