Columbia Political Review
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For decades, the geographic preclearance requirement in the 1965 Voting Rights Act protected voting rights in historically repressive states. The Act forced jurisdictions in many Southern states that had previously enforced disenfranchisement tactics like literacy and civics tests to have new voting procedures reviewed by the federal government, ensuring that discrimination on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in Shelby County v. Holder that geographic preclearance was unconstitutional. Subsequent modeling shows that this overturning of preclearance caused the turnout gap between Black and white voters to be five percentage points more than what would have been possible under preclearance. However, the reality has become Black voter suppression being conducted under the name of another group—former felons.