Abstract Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies of the digestive system, and its profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a major driver of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic reprogramming profoundly influences the polarization, effector function, survival, and fate of immune cells within the TME, thereby shaping the balance between antitumor immunity and immune escape.
