1. Introduction Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are efficient, safe machines used for constructing tunnels and are widely used in engineering practice, including the excavation of rock tunnels and underground passages [1]. Cutters, as the teeth of a TBM to excavate soil, play a key role in breaking rocks. However, the wear of the cutter has become a key factor that limits the progress of construction under complex strata conditions, taking extremely hard rocks, for example [2,3].
