1 Introduction Habitat destruction and overexploitation are negatively affecting species at a global scale (Díaz et al. 2019; Fardila et al. 2017; Ludwig et al. 1993; Marcogliese 2023; O'Hara et al. 2021). However, assessing and monitoring the populations of sensitive, rare, or elusive species is challenging. As such, conservation science needs new tools for assessing population size, genetic diversity, and population connectivity that do not require direct captures or observations.
