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2.3. Complexity Science We now turn to various facets of “complexity science” [1,2] that have been identified as such since the 1950s. Many fascinating aspects of how complex outcomes can emerge from the underlying physics have been uncovered.
1. Introduction Fully understanding causation and fully explaining why complex systems are the way they are and behave the way they do requires holistic, historical, contextual, and extended views of causation across levels. As Aristotle was the first person we know of to articulate this holistic view, it is worth exploring whether, taking into account scientific discoveries made since his time, revisiting his understandings might be useful to us today.
[Submitted on 28 Aug 2020 (v1), last revised 1 Sep 2020 (this version, v2)] Download PDF Abstract: This paper responds to claims that causal closure of the underlying microphysics determines brain outcomes as a matter of principle, even if we cannot hope to ever carry out the needed calculations in practice.
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