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Abstract Nutrient budgeting for cropland is a crucial tool for assessing nutrient mining or excess application. We estimated the nutrient budget of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in cropland for South Asia during the last five decades (from 1970 to 2018) using equation-based empirical methods. Nutrient budget for the last five decades shows a negative balance of N (3.94 million tons, Mt), P (23.87 Mt), and K (247.23 Mt).
Climate change has emerged as the most prominent of the global environment issues and there is a need to evaluate its impact on agriculture. Crop simulation models help greatly in this regard. Crop models such as WTGROWS, INFOCROP, ORYZA and DSSAT have been widely used for land use planning, agri-production estimates, impact of climate change and environmental impact analysis.
The north-western region of India is extremely important for food security and has contributed substantially to the country's past agricultural growth. This has been possible largely because the region is endowed with good natural resources such as soils and water, and is relatively well developed in respect of markets and infrastructure. Rice and wheat are now commonly grown in double-cropping rotation and their average productivity varies from 2 to 5 t/ha.
The thermodynamic response functions of water exhibit an anomalous increase upon cooling that becomes strongly amplified in the deeply supercooled regime due to structural fluctuations between disordered and tetrahedral local structures. Here, we compare structural data from recent x-ray laser scattering measurements of water at 1 bar and temperatures down to 227 K with structural properties computed for several different water models using molecular dynamics simulations.
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