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1 Introduction Influenza A viruses affect a wide variety of hosts, including wild waterfowl, marine mammals, terrestrial mammals and humans. Wild waterfowl, especially species in the orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes, are natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). On the basis of the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins, AIVs are classified into H1–H19, H1–H16 and H19 (avian), and H17 and H18 (bats) [1, 2].
1 Introduction Karst caves are a unique environment characterized by malnutrition, low air mobility, long-term darkness, and a stable microclimate (Zhao et al. 2024). Cave-dwelling animals surviving in the karst caves highly rely on their non-vision sensory systems, extreme starvation hardiness, excellent nutrient utilization efficiency, and many other cellular, physiological, and morphological characteristics (Luo et al. 2018; Lipovšek et al. 2019).
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Lin Wu , Jianbin Lan , Xiaoxue Xiang, Haiyang Xiang, Zhao Jin, Sadia Khan, Yiqing Liu Lin Wu, Jianbin Lan, Xiaoxue Xiang, Haiyang Xiang, Zhao Jin, Sadia Khan, Yiqing Liu Published: October 12, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240355 Figures Abstract Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is a rich nutritious fruit crop owing to a markedly higher content of vitamin C and minerals.
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