Every year, doctors diagnose millions of people with tumors, blood clots and other masses in their brains. In each case, doctors must weigh the benefits of surgery against possible long-term neurological damage. “Imagine having to decide between removing someone’s tumor to give them more time to live, but in the process of that they lose their ability to speak,” says Prof. Moshe Shoham, a professor at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and a serial entrepreneur.