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Paleo-redox proxies are crucial for reconstructing past bottom water oxygen concentration changes brought about by ocean circulation and marine productivity shifts in response to climate forcing. Carbonate I/Ca ratios of multiple benthic foraminifera species from ODP Hole 1017E – a core drilled within the Californian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), on the continental slope – are employed to re-examine the transition from the well oxygenated last glacial into poorly oxygenated modern conditions.
We use a new, well-calibrated 500-year paleorecord off southern California to determine collapse frequency, cross-correlation, persistence and return times of exploited forage fish populations. The paleorecord shows that “collapse” (defined as <10% of the mean peak biomass) is a normal state repeatedly experienced by northern anchovy, Pacific hake and Pacific sardine which were collapsed 29 ? 40% of the time, prior to commercial fishing exploitation.
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