His concerns were not surprising given the fact that each year, U.S. industrial-scale feeding facilities—the standard for American meat and dairy production—generate, store, and spread millions of gallons of untreated liquid feces and urine across farmland. Mammoth dairy, hog, poultry and beef cattle operations are known across Corn Belt states for fouling the air with rank odors and contaminating surface and groundwater with toxic nitrates, phosphorus and bacteria.